![]() Focal neurologic deficits, including numbness, weakness, slurred speech, incontinence of bowel or bladder, altered mental status, or unconsciousness are red flags that necessitate brisk evaluation for intracranial hemorrhage, which is a neurosurgical emergency. The use of any antiplatelet or anti-coagulation agents should be elicited. ![]() Symptoms may be non-specific and include nausea, vomiting, headaches, tinnitus, visual changes, dizziness, "foggy" feeling, or confusion. The mechanism of injury and whether there was loss of consciousness (and if so, for how long) are important components in the initial evaluation. The mortality starts rising around 30 years it is highest in the elderly population, with falls contributing to a significant amount of brain trauma. About 50% of patients who do die, do so in the first few hours. The mortality rate is 30/100000, approximately 50000 deaths each year. Estimates of the direct and indirect costs of TBI are between $48 to 56 billion per year. There are approximately 235000 hospitalizations due to brain trauma. In children and adolescents, about 21% relate to sports and recreational activities. The most common cause of TBI is motor vehicle collisions, accounting for an estimated 50 to 70% of TBI accidents. There are significantly more instances of brain trauma in males than females, with approximately 78.8% of injuries occurring in males and 21.2% in females. ![]() Among patients who require hospitalization for TBI, falls (52%) and motor vehicle collisions (20%) are the most common causes. Being struck by or against an object, motor vehicle collisions, and intentional self-harm are the most common causes of TBI. Falls are the leading cause of TBI, accounting for 49% of TBI-related ED visits in children 0 to 17 and 81% of TBI-related ED visits in adults 65 years and older. īrain trauma may result from anything which may cause a blow, bump, jolt, or penetrating injury. Patients who have experienced recurrent TBI are an area of active research, some of which have demonstrated that the cumulative effects of TBI put patients at risk for permanent damage. ![]() Patients who have suffered any degree of TBI are at risk for long-term post-concussive symptoms, including changes in personality, emotional lability or depression, impairment in memory or ability to concentrate, or changes in sensation (visual or hearing changes). Factors that are often used to classify severity include changes in structural imaging, length of loss of consciousness, duration of altered mental status, post-traumatic amnesia, and GCS within the first 24 hours. Patients with mild TBI may have transient changes in consciousness or mentation, while those with severe TBI may experience prolonged periods of unconsciousness, coma, or death. Symptoms vary greatly and may range from mild to severe depending on the degree of damage imaging may or may not reveal changes. Brain trauma or traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from a blow, bump, jolt, or penetrating injury to the head that disrupts the normal function of the brain.
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